Market Building Design, Transport Dynamics, and Engine-Derived Chemical Contamination: Advanced Scientific Mechanisms, Exposure Pathways, and Policy Frameworks in African Market Systems Abstract Informal and semi-formal markets across Africa represent critical food distribution hubs but also function as microenvironments of concentrated chemical exposure. The co-location of internal combustion engines, food handling, and dense human activity results in complex exposure dynamics involving airborne pollutants, surface deposition, and chemical interactions with existing food contaminants. This paper advances the understanding of emission chemistry, microenvironmental transport processes, and cumulative exposure risks, while proposing integrated architectural, environmental, and policy solutions. The analysis emphasizes the African context, particularly rapidly urbanizing settings such as Nairobi , where informal infrastructure amplifies risk. 1. Introduction Urban markets are ...
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The Dynamics of Funding Health and Poverty Eradication Programmes in Africa: Scientific, Economic, and Policy Perspectives Abstract Africa continues to face a dual burden of disease and poverty, with each reinforcing the other in a cyclical relationship. Despite increased global and domestic investments, funding mechanisms for health and poverty eradication programmes remain fragmented, donor-dependent, and often inefficient. This paper examines the structural, economic, and governance dynamics shaping financing in Africa, evaluates their effectiveness, and proposes integrated policy reforms to enhance sustainability, equity, and health outcomes. Emphasis is placed on the intersection of environmental health risks, disease burden, and socioeconomic inequalities—areas closely aligned with emerging African public health challenges. 1. Introduction The relationship between poverty and health is bidirectional: poverty increases vulnerability to disease, while ill health reduces...
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Downstream Dynamics of Exposure to Family Planning Chemical Waste and Medicines: Environmental Transport, Ecotoxicological Impacts, and Policy Implications in African Contexts Abstract The expansion of family planning programs across Africa has substantially improved maternal health outcomes and reduced unintended pregnancies. However, the environmental and public health implications of increasing volumes of hormonal contraceptives, injectable formulations, intrauterine devices, and associated pharmaceutical waste remain underexamined. This paper analyzes the downstream environmental dynamics of family planning medicines, focusing on hormonal residues (e.g., ethinyl estradiol, levonorgestrel, medroxyprogesterone acetate), improper disposal pathways, wastewater transport, ecological persistence, endocrine disruption in aquatic systems, and chronic human exposure risks. Using a One Health and systems-based framework , the paper identifies regulatory gaps and proposes integrated...